The Behavioral Theory Of Depression - 1397 Words

Depression is a mood disorder which is categorised by low mood and a wide range of other symptoms, which will inevitably differ depending on the individual. This mental health illness can either progress at a fast rate or steadily. Many scientific and medicinal professionals view depression as a defence mechanism that the body implements in order to escape from stress. Seligman (1973) discussed depression in terms of it being like a ‘common cold’ of psychiatry, due to how frequently it is diagnosed. The behaviourist approach accentuates the significance of the environment in regards to determining an individual’s behaviour. To behaviourist theorists, our behaviour does not relate with our internal unconscious struggles or suppressions. However, psychologists in this field use ideologies of the learning theory to explain human behaviour. According to the behavioural theory, dysfunctional behaviour such as depression is learned and so because of this, psychologists propose that it can also be unlearned. This perspective focuses on behaviour which is observable and the circumstances in which a particular individual has learnt that behaviour. As a result, depression is therefore seen by behaviourist theorists as a result of an individual’s contact with their environment. Classical conditioning would suggest that depression is cultured through the connotation of certain stimuli’s’ with undesirable emotional states. Operant conditioning believes that depression is instigated byShow MoreRelatedDepression And Its Effects On An Individual s Life Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesDepression is a mental illness that can have profound impacts on an individual’s life. Unfortunately though, our understanding of this disorder is limited. Contributing to this is the fact that for several decades, there was only one theory on depression, which was the monoamine theory. This theory rationalized that depression was due to an absolute or relative deficiency of monoamines and that antidepressants work by correcting this deficiency (Willner, Scheel-Krà ¼ger, Belzung, 2013). Only withinRead MoreThe Role Of Relationship And Technique On Therapeutic Change989 Words   |  4 Pagestherapeutic change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Trainin g, 42(4), 421-430. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.4.421 The article introduces readers to the discourse surrounding the variety of views on the role of methodology and the relationship in the therapeutic alliance. The undertones that guide the discussion and is largely the conflict are the assumptions made about theories and how they include not just one theoretical approach, but four including behavioral, experiential humanistic and psychodynamicRead MoreInstruments All the scales in the study were in farsi language version. All of them had been900 Words   |  4 Pageseducation, and date of arrival in Austria was aquired using interview. Quantitative data Symptoms of depression and general psychopathology were measured by farsi version of Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI, Derogatis, 1993), which comprises 53 items on nine scales (somatization (a = 0.87; r= 0.68), obsessive-compulsive (a = 0.79; r= 0.85), interpersonal sensitivity (a = 0.78; r= 0.85), depression (a = 0.87; r= 0.84), anxiety (a = 0.84; r= 0.79), hostility (a = 0.79; r= 0.81), phobic anxiety (a = 0Read MoreCase Study : Rational Emotive Behavior Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is to find to proper theory for the case study. The theory will help the counselor to determine which treatment will fit best for the case study. The theory that will be used in this case study is Rational Emotive Behavior. The theory will help with depression and anxiety. Client will be able to have rational belief in their daily life. The concept of the theory that makes it the most appropriate for the client in the case study is Rational Emotive Behavioral. According to Nielsen, RidleyRead MoreDisorders and Treatments for Depression Essays1436 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will have two sections: The first section will be a brief explanation on what is depression. In addition, what is the percentage of depress people in the United States. Furthermore, it will discuss in details several theories that are best suited to treat depression disorder. Moreover, the theories that will be briefly discussed are as follows: Cognitive Therapy (CT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT). The second section will be a summary of a counselingRead MoreAaron Beck Youngest Of Five Children1634 Words   |  7 Pagesbehaviors such as depression. â€Å"Beck struggled to find a way to help his depressed client’s better capture their emotions. He realized that many of his depressed clients expe rienced recurring negative thoughts and that as long as they believed these thoughts to be true, they would continue to have symptoms of depression†(GoodTherapy.org). Beck spent much of his career at the University of Pennsylvania and advocated for the application of cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression and otherRead MoreCounseling Therapy729 Words   |  3 PagesCognitive Behavioral Approach My preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophyRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)1559 Words   |  7 PagesAssumptions and Definition Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. CBT refers to a group of psychotherapies that incorporate techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the two psychologists who came up with therapies. Beck developed the cognitive therapy (CT) that focuses on changing theRead MoreMajor Types Of Major Depressive Disorder ( Mdd ) Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesMajor Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that include but are not limited to the loss of pleasure or interest in activities (anhedonia), sleep disturbances, appetite changes, guilt or worthlessness, fatigue, lack of concentrating and/or indecisiveness including emotion dysregulation (mood swings) and views of the negative affect. People with MDD have five or more depressive symptoms, including sad mood or loss of pleasureRead MoreAbnormal Psychology-Unipolar and Bipolar Depression Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology | Unipolar and Bipolar Depression | Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Shawn M Best 10/16/2011 | Identifying the causes of unipolar and bipolar depression can be a complicated task because there are no known exact causes, just theories. These theories include chemical and hormonal imbalances within the brain, a misfiring of ion activity, and inherited genetics or biological abnormalities (Comer, 2005). Individuals who suffer with unipolar depression, which is the ordinary template

Operational Functions and the 4 P’s of Marketing Free Essays

Lecture 1: Introduction to Marketing Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers† requirements profitability. Peter Drucker ‘there is only one valid definition of business purpose: to create a customer†. At its simplest, if you do not have any customers for the product or service your organization offers, then there is no reason for continuing existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Operational Functions and the 4 P’s of Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production and the interests of the product ought to be attended to only so far as it may be necessary for promoting those of the customer. The operational functions of marketing: sales promotion, advertising, public relations, selling, financing, buying, forecasting, pricing, standardization, publicity, merchandising, market research, transporting, risk-taking, servicing and stockholding. Elements over which organizations have control and which are used to try to influence customers to choose one particular organization in preference to another are generally termed the marketing mix. External factors in the original marketing mix: customer-buying behavior, trade behavior, competitors† position and behavior, government regulations. Originally there are 12 P†s of marketing but this list is not easy to remember and it should be obvious why Jerome McCarthy condensed the 12 items in Borden†s original marketing mix, into 4 major categories popularized the ‘4 Ps†. The internal variables are therefore loosely grouped together under the headings of: product, price, place (the offer mix), and promotion (the promotional mix). While the ‘4 Ps† is a useful framework, a vigorous debate has taken place over the last decade about the dangers of seeing marketing solely as the control of the ‘4 Ps†. In fact it is a trap that tends to make suppliers forget the needs of customers as well as the importance of a mutually beneficial exchange. There is a suggestion of the addition of three other Ps: Probe (research), Partition (segmentation) and Position. Lecture 2. The Marketing Macro Environment. Both of the parties making an exchange are more likely to consider that the exchange has been beneficial when the exchange has been made within the context of what is known as an Open Market. This is a market which has all of the following characteristics: 1 Single homogeneous product, 2 Many buyers, 3 Many sellers, 4 Buyers and sellers have equal access to all available information relevant to the market. All developed societies have similar regulations to regulate legal trade. It is therefore usual for manufacturing and trading organizations to have to comply with such regulations, which effectively constitute one aspect of the environment in which an exchange takes place. These factors are for this reason referred to as the environmental variables of marketing. These are usually labeled the Economic, Social, Technological and Political variables (STEP). Companies should seek to demonstrate good corporate citizenship by upholding the letter and the spirit of the law, and generally behaving in a responsible and responsive manner. Some markets and trades have developed general voluntary codes of conduct and control, supported and monitored by a central membership body. Medicine for example has long been controlled by strict codes of professional behavior. Governments have developed a body of legislation and enforcement frameworks in respect of industry and trade. In particular, the following areas of control are of direct concern to business. 1. Legislation in respect of monopoly and competition standards. In the UK it†s done through the Office of Fair Trading and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. As a full EC member, the UK is also subject to Community provisions in respect of issues: in particular Article 85 of the Treaty of Rome concerns practices hindering competition. 2. Measures to protect consumers, whether as groups, individuals, as users of certain products and services, or particularly as targets for business activities. Relevant legislation has included the Trade Descriptions Act 1973, the Consumer Credit Act 1974, etc. Number of these statutes introduced measures directly relating to marketing practices such as pricing claims, warranties, product quality, etc. The economic environment is a complex network of international, domestic and regional influences and dependencies that shape the market potential facing companies. Company performance itself will depend critically on the quality of preparation and decision making is brought to bear on this potential. The significance of the economic data is that over time they will indicate major economic developments of direct interest to marketers. Such ‘economy-watching† may enable the vigilant company to respond in time to scenarios such as following: 1.Recession. A downturn in economic activity of variable intensity. Usual indicators will be a fall or leveling in GNP, GDP, household income, etc. Rises will be recorded in measures such as stock, unemployment and company bankruptcies. 2.Recovery. The opposite of the above. Marketers in some sectors will benefit from an early upturn in sales. Major upturns in economic activity may result in ‘overheating† with higher costs and prices. 3.Inflation. Rising prices may be associated with buoyant conditions, demand growth and shortages. Economic policies are likely in future to be more directly influenced by multilateral agencies and agreements (UN) and the expansion of common market blocs such as the EC. Culture within any society id the complex of elements that reflect the society†s beliefs and values, preferences and behavioral norms. For marketer it is necessary to understand that culture will vary within and between societies, so those cultural norms may vary between countries, regions and culture groups. Factors, which distinguish a society, change very slowly, as they are the products of family upbringing, the education system, national history and political development, religion, etc. Environmental awareness is an interesting reflection of how society-wide concerns have delivered a powerful message to governments and business leaders. Technology is the touchstone of economic progress, a leading source of competitive advantage commercially and an indispensable part of everyday lifestyle for the modern consumer. To illustrate the competitive force wielded by technology, it is worth observing that many manufactures have been affected by technology developments remote from their own field. Major sectors of the metalworking industry were obsolete by the developments of digital electronics. Eg typewriters. Technological developments decrease the price of production. Technologies have also enabled an increase in the variety of products available to customers. The marketing environment comprises the playing field upon which competitive marketing takes place. Companies need to monitor and decide rational responses to changes in the environment in order to win their colors. There are three types of companies: those who make things happen; those who watch things happen; and those who wonder what happened. Lecture 3: Markets and Market Segmentation. 1.A market is an aggregate of people who as individuals or organizations have needs for products in a particular product class and who have the ability, willingness and the authority to pay. – Consumer – where purchasing is done by private or group of individuals. – Industrial – products and services are bought for one of 3 specific uses: 1- resale, 2- producing other products, 3- products used in general eg administration, computers. 3.Differentiated markets. – Consumer needs are not the same: – homogenous, differentiated. Undifferentiated market – all needs are the same 4.Criteria for effective segmentation – measurable, – economically variable. Geographic – geographic position on the globe. Demographic – basis for the collection of many government statistics and the standard system used by the media industry. Includes age, sex, family cycle, and socioeconomic segmentation. 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Climate Change and Public Health Lifespan of Mosquitoes

Question: (a) Current knowledge of impact of climate on the selected vector-borne disease (b) Any evidence of impact from climate change in recent past? (c) Projections of impact of climate change on vector-borne disease in the future? Describe and discuss the change in relative and absolute risks for one of the selected vector-borne disease? Answer: 1: (a) Malaria is generally a disease of the tropical and hot summer areas. Humidity and rainfall increases the lifespan of mosquitoes, which increases the potentiality of malaria distribution [1]. (b) With the changes in the climate, the distribution pattern off the disease is changing. In the Last decade of 20th century, the river-irrigated Punjab region of India (a highly malaria threatened country) had gone through a malaria epidemic [2]. Excessive rainfall and humidity was recognized as a major factor enhancing the infection. (c) With increased temperature, and changed distribution in rainfall the disease distribution will be changed [1]. 2: With overcrowding due to global warming will increase the absolute risk of the disease. On the other hand, there is a strong possibility of disease occurrence among the previously non-exposed areas. 2:1: To address this issue, prevention with the strategy of using the measures to reduce the chance of exposure, spread of infection can be taken. Moreover, health education and continuous research on the changing pattern of the infection and reducing the pollution rate is needed [2]. As, with development change in the climate cannot be restricted, people need to be self-aware. 2: With the recent epidemic of Ebola, it cannot be claimed that this issue can manage itself with the existing infrastructure. The future change pattern of environment and the characteristics of the infections are unknown; hence, the scope of research is limited [1]. However, with the adoption of various projects and self-awareness program, the potentiality of its self-management cannot be ignored. 3:1: The three factors are: Available information: with available information about the disease, harm manifestation can be obtained. Otherwise, prevention is the best approach. Health infrastructure: with good health infrastructure, prevention can be obtained. Mode of infection: if the disease has a character of spreading an epidemic, harm manifestation can best be utilized. On the other hand, with an epidemic characteristic, reducing the chance of clinical symptoms following infection via prevention is tough to execute [2]. 2: For the instance of malaria, information is available regarding the reduced exposure to the diseases and this particular diseases has a potentially of causing an epidemic, hence, harm manifestation will best be utilized. On the other hand, to some geographic areas, reducing the exposure cannot be executed and with its epidemic character the chance of infection clinical symptoms following infection cannot be obtained. References: Harley D, Bi P, Hall G, Swaminathan A, Tong S, Williams C. Climate change and infectious diseases in Australia: future prospects, adaptation options, and research priorities. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2011 Mar 1;23(2 suppl):54S-66S. Rossati A, Bargiacchi O, Kroumova V, Zaramella M, Caputo A, Garavelli PL. Climate, environment and transmission of malaria. Le infezioni in medicina: rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive. 2016 Jun 1;24(2):93.